Commutative algebra

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Commutative algebra is the branch of algebra that studies commutative rings,
their ideals, and modules over such rings.

Both algebraic geometry and algebraic number theory build on commutative algebra.
Prominent examples of commutative rings include polynomial rings;
rings of algebraic integers, including the ordinary integers Z; and p-adic integers.[1]

Commutative algebra is the main technical tool in the local study of schemes.

The study of rings that are not necessarily commutative is known as noncommutative algebra;
it includes ring theory, representation theory, and the theory of Banach algebras.

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Commutative algebra is essentially the study of the rings occurring in
algebraic number theory and algebraic geometry.

In algebraic number theory, the rings of algebraic integers are Dedekind rings,
which constitute therefore an important class of commutative rings.

Considerations related to modular arithmetic have led to the notion of a valuation ring.

The restriction of algebraic field extensions to subrings has led to
the notions of integral extensions and integrally closed domains
as well as the notion of ramification of an extension of valuation rings.

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