Formal science

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Formal science ศาสตร์ใด อะไรหรือ
เนื้อหาคือ ด้านใด วานขานไข
วิชาการ ฟูเฟื่อง ประเทืองไกล
ก็ด้วยใจ ฅนรุ่นเรา เฝ้าติดตาม

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Formal science is a branch of science studying formal language disciplines
concerned with formal systems, such as logic, mathematics, statistics,
theoretical computer science, artificial intelligence, information theory,
game theory, systems theory, decision theory, and theoretical linguistics.[1]

The formal sciences aid the natural and social sciences by providing information
about the structures the latter use to describe the world,
and what inferences may be made about them.

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The modern usage of the term formal sciences, in English-language literature,
occurs at least as early as 1860, in a posthumous publication of lectures on
philosophy by Sir William Hamilton wherein logic and mathematics are listed
as formal sciences.[2]

Going even further back, to 1819, a German-language textbook on logic was published
by Wilhelm Esser, elucidating the significance of the designation formal science
as applied to logic;[3]

Logic thus obtains, in common parlance, the appellation of a formal science,
not indeed in the sense as if Logic had only a form and not an object, but simply
because the form of human thought is the object of Logic;
so that the title formal science is properly only an abbreviated expression.[4]

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