Apps for mobile

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Developing apps for mobile devices requires considering
1) The constraints (battery)
2) Features of the devices
(Hardware specifications and configurations, also location detection and cameras)

Development required the use of specialized integrated development environments.
Mobile apps first tested using emulators (provide an inexpensive way)
and later subjected to field testing.

User Interface (front-ends) design is essential.
UI considers constraints and contexts, screen, input and mobility.
And the interface entails components of both hardware and software.

Mobile UI constraints include limited attention and form factors, such as
a screen size for a user's hand.
UI contexts signal cues such as location and scheduling.
Overall, UI's goal is primarily for an understandable, user-friendly interface.

UIs rely on back-ends to support access to enterprise systems.
The back-end facilitates data routing, security, authentication, authorization,
working off-line, and service orchestration.
The functionality supported by a mix of middleware components
including app servers.